Break Even Analysis - 1227 Words

Break Even Analysis In business planning, asking the proper questions and obtaining answers to those questions is arguably the most important thing. Questions such as; how much do we have to sell to reach our profit goal? How much do our sales need to increase in order to cover a planned increase in advertising costs? What price should we charge to cover our costs and allow for the planned profit goals? Is our business going to be profitable? Answers to such difficult questions become accessible with the utilization of the break even analysis. Break even analysis can be conceived arguably as one of the simplest tools in accounting; however, its simplicity does not take away from its importance. Break even analysis is used in†¦show more content†¦In using the break even formula and plugging in the above numbers, we would determine how many units we would have to sell to break even, which in this specific case it would be 1,000 fence panels. This tells us that selling fewer than 1,000 fence panels would yield losses. Determining what the break even number is becomes very vital as we try to next project how long it will take to sell those 1,000 panels as the time it will take us to sell those panels would mean the amount of time we would have our money invested in and we would have to assess what impact having our money tied up in the production of those panels would have on the overall business and address whether we can even afford to have our money tied up into those fence panels for that specific amounts of time. In looking at the next possibility where we can use the break even analysis, it would involve the question of how to manufacture a product, in terms of the nature of operations and how it will affect fixed costs. In this instance, we as a company may have a good idea on the quantity expect, the likely selling price, and the variable costs involved, but be uncertain about how to structure the new operation. For example, if the volu me expected to be 15,000 units, at a selling price of $5 and variable costs of $3, the break even equation tells us that the fixed costs cannot be greaterShow MoreRelatedBreak even Analysis1574 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Break even analysis is an important part in production management and decision making. In this assignment, the key elements of the break-even analysis will be discussed. The key elements of break-even analysis are fixed cost, variable cost, total revenue, break-even point and margin of safety. Although break-even analysis is very useful, it has disadvantages. Break-even analysis is based on the production cost of the company which includes the fixed cost and variable cost. Then the total costRead MoreBreak Even Analysis749 Words   |  3 PagesBreak Even Analysis University of Phoenix Accounting in Healthcare ACC561 November 26, 2010 Break Even Analysis Relevance of DRG Analysis as a Tool in Healthcare DRG analysis helps managers in health care determine levels of service at which to operate and to break even as well as avoid any loses. Using the DGR analysis, management will be able to determine the appropriate levels at which to operate making the most of any profits (Steven, David, 2000). The management team ofRead MoreBreak Even Analysis1066 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorizing production costs between those which are variable (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not directly related to the volume of production). Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue in order to determine the level of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makesRead MoreCvp Analysis / Break Even Analysis1587 Words   |  7 PagesCVP ANALYSIS / BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS Break-Even Analysis Introduction Break-Even Analysis-Volume-Analysis is a systematic method of examining the relationship between changes in volume (that is output) and changes in Sales Revenue, Express and Net Profit. As a model of these relationships, Break-Even Analysis simpifies the real-world conditions which a firm will face. The objective of Break-Even Analysis is to establish what will happen to the financial results if a specified level of activityRead MoreContribution Margin and Break Even Analysis1636 Words   |  7 PagesMargin and Break Even Analysis. Many factors come into play in determining business success. One of them is the financial factor. For a company to set financial goals it is crucial that its management know in detail the products or services they sale or provide. This is the analysis of two different scenarios at Aunt Connie s Cookies Simulation (University of Phoenix, 2011) and the financial performance of Jamestown Electric Supply Company (Heiter, et. al. 2008). During both analysis I appliedRead MoreBreak Even Analysis Case Study1268 Words   |  6 PagesBreak Even Analysis in Sesuki Mfg. Ltd: A Case Analysis Author: Monika Arora Abstract What-if or sensitivity analysis is one of the most important and valuable concepts in management science (MS). To emphasize its practical relevance in a business environment, we teach students in our introductory MS course to analyze goal seek with Excels built-in Goal seek. This case demonstrates the application of the goal seek tool with several examples. 1. Introduction Sesuki Mfg., Ltd. is a manufacturerRead MoreAcc/561 Cvp and Break-Even Analysis1552 Words   |  7 PagesCVP and Break-Even Analysis ACC/561 - Accounting Wk 5 August 29, 2011 Snap Fitness Snap Fitness, a fitness business based in Minnesota, offers franchise opportunities. The opportunity comes with a start-up fee ranging from $60,000 to $184,000. The following items are included in the start-up fee: 1. Franchise Fee 2. Grand Opening Marketing 3. Leasehold Improvements 4. Utility and Rent Deposits 5. Training Many people dream of owning a business as opposed to working forRead MoreTulsa Memorial Hospital Break-Even Analysis932 Words   |  4 PagesTULSA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL Break-Even Analysis 1. Using the historical data as a guide, construct a pro forma (forecasted) profit and loss statement for the clinics average month for all of 2014 assuming the status quo. With no change in volume (utilization), is the clinic projected to make a profit? -No, the clinic is projected to experience a loss. Pro Forma Average Month: |    |    |    |    |    |    |    | Number of visits |    | 1,350 |    |    |    |    | Net revenue |    | $54,888 | Read MoreBreak Even Analysis For A Company s Breakeven Point1326 Words   |  6 Pages Break even analysis A company s breakeven point is the point at which its sales exactly cover its expenses. Break-even point refers to the revenues needed to cover a company s total amount of fixed and variable cost during a specified period of time (accountingcoach, 2016) Breakeven point= Fixed Costs à · (Price - Variable Costs) Break-Even Analysis [Date]  © 2009 Vertex42 LLC HELP For the Period: Jan 1, 2009 - Jun 30, 2010 Edit the highlightedRead MorePricing, Break-Even, and Marginal Analysis, Essay examples595 Words   |  3 PagesActivity 7.4 * Answer questions from  Appendix 2, sections on  Pricing, Break-Even, and Marginal Analysis, page A-11 through A-16, answer questions 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 from page A-16. * Show the formulas used to calculate the answers for these questions. 1.1: Sanborn, a manufacturer of electric roof vents, realizes a cost of $55 for every unit it produces. Its total fixed costs equal $2 million. If the company manufactures 500,000 units compute the following: a) unit cost-

E Commerce A Great Idea Can Only Get You So Far With...

Starting any business is inherently difficult. A great idea can only get you so far with limited funds. E-commerce sites face this same struggle. While there is more to beginning startups than simply fundraising, it will eventually become essential. Luckily, there are many avenues startups can take in order to raise the funds needed to establish a business, help grow a business, and sometimes even find new customers and grow a new business’ niche audience. All types of investing has risks, pros and cons. Depending on what startup you are developing, it is important to know your different funding opportunities. ANGEL INVESTING An angel investor is an individual who provides seed money for starting a business, or ongoing support to help†¦show more content†¦Angel investors do expect a certain rate of return, but also offer the greatest range in amount of investment. Again, these can be family members or an investor. Depending on who is investing, amounts of money or expertise will vary. Keep in mind, whenever you give up part ownership of your business, you may be fighting over decisions with your investors at later times. VENTURE CAPITALIST Venture capitals generally invest in startups expecting to see a profit. They are capitalists and entrepreneurs who tend to be business savvy to some degree. They have deep pockets, so they can usually invest more than the typical angel investor. Venture capitalists may have a stronger desire to be part of the consulting and management efforts, which depending on your investor could be a great asset. Be wary, as this can easily become a hurdle if your investor and you have different visions for your startup. An investment from a venture capitalist would be perfect for larger startups or e-commerce sites since investors have more equity to invest. They can also offer their expertise in guiding your business to a successful and profitable business venture. In fact, may even decide to bring their other deep-pocketed friends around if they really believe in your company. An investment from an investment capitalist would be perfect for larger startups or e-commerce sites since investors have more equity to

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 6 Rescue Free Essays

string(44) " the keys and she soon had what she wanted\." LEGGEN, JENARR-†¦ His contributions to meteorology, however, although considerable, pale before what has ever since been known as the Leggen Controversy. That his actions helped to place Hari Seldon in jeopardy is undisputable, but argument rages-and has always raged-as to whether those actions were the result of unintentional circumstance or part of a deliberate conspiracy. Passions have been raised on both sides and even the most elaborate studies have come to no definite conclusions. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 6 Rescue or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nevertheless, the suspicions that were raised helped poison Leggen’s career and private life in the years that followed†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 25. It was not quite the end of daylight when Dors Venabili sought out Jenarr Leggen. He answered her rather anxious greeting with a grunt and a brief nod. â€Å"Well,† she said a trifle impatiently. â€Å"How was he?† Leggen, who was entering data into his computer, said, â€Å"How was who?† â€Å"My library student Hari. Dr. Hari Seldon. He went up with you. Was he any help to you?† Leggen removed his hands from the keys of his computer and swivelled about. â€Å"That Heliconian fellow? He was of no use at all. Showed no interest whatever. He kept looking at the scenery when there was no scenery to look at. A real oddball. Why did you want to send him up?† â€Å"It wasn’t my idea. He wanted to. I can’t understand it. He was very interested. Where is he now?† Leggen shrugged. â€Å"How would I know? Somewhere around.† â€Å"Where did he go after he came down with you? Did he say?† â€Å"He didn’t come down with us. I told you he wasn’t interested.† â€Å"Then when did he come down?† â€Å"I don’t know. I wasn’t watching him. I had an enormous amount of work to do. There must have been a windstorm and some sort of downpour about two days ago and neither was expected. Nothing our instruments showed offered a good explanation for it or for the fact that some sunshine we were expecting today didn’t appear. Now I’m trying to make sense of it and you’re bothering me.† â€Å"You mean you didn’t see him go down?† â€Å"Look. He wasn’t on my mind. The idiot wasn’t correctly dressed and I could see that inside of half an hour he wasn’t going to be able to take the cold. I gave him a sweater, but that wasn’t going to help much for his legs and feet. So I left the elevator open for him and I told him how to use it and explained that it would take him down and then return automatically. It was all very simple and I’m sure he did get cold and he did go down and the elevator did come back and then eventually we all went down.† â€Å"But you don’t know exactly when he went down?† â€Å"No, I don’t. I told you. I was busy. He certainly wasn’t up there when we left, though, and by that time twilight was coming on and it looked as though it might sleet. So he had to have gone down.† â€Å"Did anyone else see him go down?† â€Å"I don’t know. Clowzia may have. She was with him for a while. Why don’t you ask her?† Dors found Clowzia in her quarters, just emerging from a hot shower. â€Å"It was cold up there,† she said. Dors said, â€Å"Were you with Hari Seldon Upperside?† Clowzia said, eyebrows lifting, â€Å"Yes, for a while. He wanted to wander about and ask questions about the vegetation up there. He’s a sharp fellow, Dors. Everything seemed to interest him, so I told him what I could till Leggen called me back. He was in one of his knock-your-head-off tempers. The weather wasn’t working and he-â€Å" Dors interrupted. â€Å"Then you didn’t see Hari go down in the elevator?† â€Å"I didn’t see him at all after Leggen called me over.-But he has to be down here. He wasn’t up there when we left.† â€Å"But I can’t find him anywhere.† Clowzia looked perturbed. â€Å"Really?-But he’s got to be somewhere down here.† â€Å"No, he doesn’t have to be somewhere down here,† said Dors, her anxiety growing. â€Å"What if he’s still up there?† â€Å"That’s impossible. He wasn’t. Naturally, we looked about for him before we left. Leggen had shown him how to go down. He wasn’t properly dressed and it was rotten weather. Leggen told him if he got cold not to wait for us. He was getting cold. I know! So what else could he do but go down?† â€Å"But no one saw him go down.-Did anything go wrong with him up there?† â€Å"Nothing. Not while I was with him. He was perfectly fine except that he had to be cold, of course.† Dors, by now quite unsettled, said, â€Å"Since no one saw him go down, he might still be up there. Shouldn’t we go up and look?† Clowzia said nervously, â€Å"I told you we looked around before we went down. It was still quite light and he was nowhere in sight.† â€Å"Let’s look anyway.† â€Å"But I can’t take you up there. I’m just an intern and I don’t have the combination for the Upperside dome opening. You’ll have to ask Dr. Leggen.† 26. Dors Venabili knew that Leggen would not willingly go Upperside now. He would have to be forced. First, she checked the library and the dining areas again. Then she called Seldon’s room. Finally, she went up there and signaled at the door. When Seldon did not respond, she had the floor manager open it. He wasn’t there. She questioned some of those who, over the last few weeks, had come to know him. No one had seen him. Well, then, she would make Leggen take her Upperside. By now, though, it was night. He would object strenuously and how long could she spend arguing if Hari Seldon was trapped up there on a freezing night with sleet turning to snow? A thought occurred to her and she rushed to the small University computer, which kept track of the doings of the students, faculty, and service staff. Her fingers flew over the keys and she soon had what she wanted. You read "Prelude to Foundation Chapter 6 Rescue" in category "Essay examples" There were three of them in another part of the campus. She signed out for a small glidecart to take her over and found the domicile she was looking for. Surely, one of them would be available-or findable. Fortune was with her. The first door at which she signaled was answered by a query light. She punched in her identification number, which included her department affiliation. The door opened and a plump middle-aged man stared out at her. He had obviously been washing up before dinner. His dark blond hair was askew and he was not wearing any upper garment. He said, â€Å"Sorry. You catch me at a disadvantage. What can I do for you, Dr. Venabili?† She said a bit breathlessly, â€Å"You’re Rogen Benastra, the Chief Seismologist, aren’t you?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"This is an emergency. I must see the seismological records for Upperside for the last few hours.† Benastra stared at her. â€Å"Why? Nothing’s happened. I’d know if it had. The seismograph would inform us.† â€Å"I’m not talking about a meteoric impact.† â€Å"Neither am I. We don’t need a seismograph for that. I’m talking about gravel, pinpoint fractures. Nothing today.† â€Å"Not that either. Please. Take me to the seismograph and read it for me. This is life or death.† â€Å"I have a dinner appointment-â€Å" â€Å"I said life or death and I mean it.† Benastra said, â€Å"I don’t see-† but he faded out under Dors’s glare. He wiped his face, left quick word on his message relay, end struggled into a shirt. They half-ran (under Dors’s pitiless urging) to the small squat Seismology Building. Dors, who knew nothing about seismology, said, â€Å"Down? We’re going down?† â€Å"Below the inhabited levels. Of course. The seismograph has to be fixed to bedrock and be removed from the constant clamor and vibration of the city levels.† â€Å"But how can you tell what’s happening Upperside from down here?† â€Å"The seismograph is wired to a set of pressure transducers located within the thickness of the dome. The impact of a speck of grit will send the indicator skittering off the screen. We can detect the flattening effect on the dome of a high wind. We can-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, yes,† said Dors impatiently. She was not here for a lecture on the virtues and refinements of the instruments. â€Å"Can you detect human footsteps?† â€Å"Human footsteps?† Benastra looked confused. â€Å"That’s not likely Upperside.† â€Å"Of course it’s likely. There were a group of meteorologists Upperside this afternoon.† â€Å"Oh. Well, footsteps would scarcely be noticeable.† â€Å"It would be noticeable if you looked hard enough and that’s what I want you to do.† Benastra might have resented the firm note of command in her voice, but, if so, he said nothing. He touched a contact and the computer screen jumped to life. At the extreme right center, there was a fat spot of light, from which a thin horizontal line stretched to the left limit of the screen. There was a tiny wriggle to it, a random non-repetitive seder of little hiccups and these moved steadily leftward. It was almost hypnotic in its effect on Dors. Benastra said, â€Å"That’s as quiet as it can possibly be. Anything you see is the result of changing air pressure above, raindrops maybe, the distant whirr of machinery. There’s nothing up there.† â€Å"All right, but what about a few hours ago? Check on the records at fifteen hundred today, for instance. Surely, you have some recordings.† Benastra gave the computer its necessary instructions and for a second or two there was wild chaos on the screen. Then it settled down and again the horizontal line appeared. â€Å"I’ll sensitize it to maximum,† muttered Benastra. There were now pronounced hiccups and as they staggered leftward they changed in pattern markedly. â€Å"What’s that?† said Dors. â€Å"Tell me.† â€Å"Since you say there were people up there, Venabili, I would guess they were footsteps-the shifting of weight, the impact of shoes. I don’t know that I would have guessed it if I hadn’t known about the people up there. Its what we call a benign vibration, not associated with anything we know to be dangerous.† â€Å"Can you tell how many people are present?† â€Å"Certainly not by eye. You see, we’re getting a resultant of all the impacts.† â€Å"You say ‘not by eye.’ Can the resultant be analyzed into its components by the computer?† â€Å"I doubt it. These are minimal effects and you have to allow for the inevitable noise. The results would be untrustworthy.† â€Å"Well then. Move the time forward till the footstep indications stop. Can you make it fast-forward, so to speak?† â€Å"If I do-the kind of fast-forward you’re speaking of-then it will all just blur into a straight line with a slight haze above and below. What I can do is move it forward in fifteen-minute stages and study it quickly before moving on.† â€Å"Good. Do that!† Both watched the screen until Benastra said, â€Å"There’s nothing there now. See?† There was again a line with nothing but tiny uneven hiccups of noise. â€Å"When did the footsteps stop?† â€Å"Two hours ago. A trifle more.† â€Å"And when they stopped were there fewer than there were earlier?† Benastra looked mildly outraged. â€Å"I couldn’t tell. I don’t think the finest analysis could make a certain decision.† Dors pressed her lips together. Then she said, â€Å"Are you testing a transducer-is that what you called it-near the meteorological outlet?† â€Å"Yes, that’s where the instruments are and that’s where the meteorologists would have been.† Then, unbelievingly, â€Å"Do you want me to try others in the vicinity? One at a time?† â€Å"No. Stay on this one. But keep on going forward at fifteen-minute intervals. One person may have been left behind and may have made his way back to the instruments.† Benastra shook his head and muttered something under his breath. The screen shifted again and Dors said sharply, â€Å"What’s that?† She was pointing. â€Å"I don’t know. Noise.† â€Å"No. Its periodic. Could it be a single person’s footsteps?† â€Å"Sure, but it could be a dozen other things too.† â€Å"It’s coming along at about the time of footsteps, isn’t it?† Then, after a while, she said, â€Å"Push it forward a little.† He did and when the screen settled down she said, â€Å"Aren’t those unevennesses getting bigger?† â€Å"Possibly. We can measure them.† â€Å"We don’t have to. You can see they’re getting bigger. The footsteps are approaching the transducer. Go forward again. See when they stop.† After a while Benastra said, â€Å"They stopped twenty or twenty-five minutes ago.† Then cautiously, â€Å"Whatever they are.† â€Å"They’re footsteps,† said Dors with mountain-moving conviction. â€Å"There’s a man up there and while you and I have been fooling around here, he’s collapsed and he’s going to freeze and die. Now don’t say, ‘Whatever they are!’ Just call Meteorology and get me Jenarr Leggen. Life or death, I tell you. Say so!† Benastra, lips quivering, had passed the stage where he could possibly resist anything this strange and passionate woman demanded. It took no more than three minutes to get Leggen’s hologram on the message platform. He had been pulled away from his dinner table. There was a napkin in his hand and a suspicious greasiness under his lower lip. His long face was set in a fearful scowl. † ‘Life or death?’ What is this? Who are you?† Then his eye caught Dors, who had moved closer to Benastra so that her image would be seen on Jenarr’s screen. He said, â€Å"You again. This is simple harassment.† Dors said, â€Å"It is not. I have consulted Rogen Benastra, who is Chief Seismologist at the University. After you and your party had left Upperside, the seismograph shows clear footsteps of one person still there. It’s my student Hari Seldon, who went up there in your care and who is now, quite certainly, lying in a collapsed stupor and may not live long. â€Å"You will, therefore, take me up there right now with whatever equipment may be necessary. If you do not do so immediately, I shall proceed to University security-to the President himself, if necessary. One way or another I’ll get up there and if anything has happened to Hari because you delay one minute, I will see to it that you are hauled in for negligence, incompetence-whatever I can make stick-and will have you lose all status and be thrown out of academic life. And if he’s dead, of course, that’s manslaughter by negligence. Or worse, since I’ve now warned you he’s dying.† Jenarr, furious, turned to Benastra. â€Å"Did you detect-â€Å" But Dors cut in. â€Å"He told me what he detected and I’ve told you. I do not intend to allow you to bulldoze him into confusion. Are you coming? Now?† â€Å"Has it occurred to you that you may be mistaken?† said Jenarr, thin-lipped. â€Å"Do you know what I can do to you if this is a mischievous false alarm? Loss of status works both ways.† â€Å"Murder doesn’t,† said Dors. â€Å"I’m ready to chance a trial for malicious mischief. Are you ready to chance a trial for murder?† Jenarr reddened, perhaps more at the necessity of giving in than at the threat. â€Å"I’ll come, but I’ll have no mercy on you, young woman, if your student eventually turns out to have been safe within the dome these past three hours.† 27. The three went up the elevator in an inimical silence. Leggen had eaten only part of his dinner and had left his wife at the dining area without adequate explanation. Benastra had eaten no dinner at all and had possibly disappointed some woman companion, also without adequate explanation. Dors Venabili had not eaten either and she seemed the most tense and unhappy of the three. She carried a thermal blanket and two photonic founts. When they reached the entrance to Upperside, Leggen, jaw muscles tightening, entered his identification number and the door opened. A cold wind rushed at them and Benastra grunted. None of the three was adequately dressed, but the two men had no intention of remaining up there long. Dors said tightly, â€Å"It’s snowing.† Leggen said, â€Å"It’s wet snow. The temperature’s just about at the freezing point. It’s not a killing frost.† â€Å"It depends on how long one remains in it, doesn’t it?† said Dors. â€Å"And being soaked in melting snow won’t help.† Leggen grunted. â€Å"Well, where is he?† He stared resentfully out into utter blackness, made even worse by the light from the entrance behind him. Dors said, â€Å"Here, Dr. Benastra, hold this blanket for me. And you, Dr. Leggen, close the door behind you without locking it.† â€Å"There’s no automatic lock on it. Do you think we’re foolish?† â€Å"Perhaps not, but you can lock it from the inside and leave anyone outside unable to get into the dome.† â€Å"If someone’s outside, point him out. Show him to me,† said Leggen. â€Å"He could be anywhere.† Dors lifted her arms with a photonic fount circling each wrist. â€Å"We can’t look everywhere,† mumbled Benastra miserably. The founts blazed into light, spraying in every direction. The snowflakes glittered like a vast mob of fireflies, making it even more difficult to see. â€Å"The footsteps were getting steadily louder,† said Dors. â€Å"He had to be approaching the transducer. Where would it be located?† â€Å"I haven’t any idea,† snapped Leggen.-That’s outside my field and my responsibility.† â€Å"Dr. Benastra?† Benastra’s reply was hesitant. â€Å"I don’t really know. To tell you the truth, I’ve never been up here before. It was installed before my time. The computer knows, but we never thought to ask it that.-I’m cold and I don’t see what use I am up here.† â€Å"You’ll have to stay up here for a while,† said Dors firmly. â€Å"Follow me. I’m going to circle the entrance in an outward spiral.† â€Å"We can’t see much through the snow,† said Leggen. â€Å"I know that. If it wasn’t snowing, we’d have seen him by now. I’m sure of it. As it is, it may take a few minutes. We can stand that.† She was by no means as confident as her words made it appear. She began to walk, swinging her arms, playing the light over as large a field as she could, straining her eyes for a dark blotch against the snow. And, as it happened, it was Benastra who first said, â€Å"What’s that?† and pointed. Dors overlapped the two founts, making a bright cone of light in the indicated direction. She ran toward it, as did the other two. They had found him, huddled and wet, about ten meters from the door, five from the nearest meteorological device. Dors felt for his heartbeat, but it was not necessary for, responding to her touch, Seldon stirred and whimpered. â€Å"Give me the blanket, Dr. Benastra,† said Dors in a voice that was faint with relief. She flapped it open and spread it out in the snow. â€Å"Lift him onto it carefully and I’ll wrap him. Then we’ll carry him down.† In the elevator, vapors were rising from the wrapped Seldon as the blanket warmed to blood temperature. Dors said, â€Å"Once we have him in his room, Dr. Leggen, you get a doctor-a good one-and see that he comes at once. If Dr. Seldon gets through this without harm, I won’t say anything, but only if he does. Remember-â€Å" â€Å"You needn’t lecture me,† said Leggen coldly. â€Å"I regret this and I will do what I can, but my only fault was in allowing this man to come Upperside in the first place.† The blanket stirred and a low, weak voice made itself heard. Benastra started, for Seldon’s head was cradled in the crook of his elbow. He said, â€Å"He’s trying to say something.† Dors said, â€Å"I know. He said, ‘What’s going on?’ â€Å" She couldn’t help but laugh just a little. It seemed such a normal thing to say. 28. The doctor was delighted. â€Å"I’ve never seen a case of exposure,† he explained. â€Å"One doesn’t get exposed on Trantor.† â€Å"That may be,† said Dors coldly, â€Å"and I’m happy you have the chance to experience this novelty, but does it mean that you do not know how to treat Dr. Seldon?† The doctor, an elderly man with a bald head and a small gray mustache, bristled. â€Å"Of course, I do. Exposure cases on the Outer Worlds are common enough-an everyday affair-and I’ve read a great deal about them.† Treatment consisted in part of an antiviral serum and the use of a microwave wrapping. â€Å"This ought to take care of it,† the doctor said. â€Å"On the Outer Worlds, they make use of much more elaborate equipment in hospitals, but we don’t have that, of course, on Trantor. This is a treatment for mild cases and I’m sure it will do the job.† Dors thought later, as Seldon was recovering without particular injury, that it was perhaps because he was an Outworlder that he had survived so well. Dark, cold, even snow were not utterly strange to him. A Trantorian probably would have died in a similar case, not so much from physical trauma as from psychic shock. She was not sure of this, of course, since she herself was not a Trantorian either. And, turning her mind away from these thoughts, she pulled up a chair near to Hari’s bed and settled down to wait. 29. On the second morning Seldon stirred awake and looked up at Dors, who sat at his bedside, viewing a book-film and taking notes. In a voice that was almost normal, Seldon said, â€Å"Still here, Dors?† She put down the book-film. â€Å"I can’t leave you alone, can I? And I don’t trust anyone else.† â€Å"It seems to me that every time I wake up, I see you. Have you been here all the time?† â€Å"Sleeping or waking, yes.† â€Å"But your classes?† â€Å"I have an assistant who has taken over for a while.† Dors leaned over and grasped Hari’s hand. Noticing his embarrassment (he was, after all, in bed), she removed it. â€Å"Hari, what happened? I was so frightened.† Seldon said, â€Å"I have a confession to make.† â€Å"What is it, Hari?† â€Å"I thought perhaps you were part of a conspiracy-â€Å" â€Å"A conspiracy?† she said vehemently. â€Å"I mean, to maneuver me Upperside where I’d be outside University jurisdiction and therefore subject to being picked up by Imperial forces.† â€Å"But Upperside isn’t outside University jurisdiction. Sector jurisdiction on Trantor is from the planetary center to the sky.† â€Å"Ah, I didn’t know that. But you didn’t come with me because you said you had a busy schedule and, when I was getting paranoid, I thought you were deliberately abandoning me. Please forgive me. Obviously, it was you who got me down from there. Did anyone else care?† â€Å"They were busy men,† said Dors carefully. â€Å"They thought you had come down earlier. I mean, it was a legitimate thought.† â€Å"Clowzia thought so too?† â€Å"The young intern? Yes, she did.† â€Å"Well, it may still have been a conspiracy. Without you, I mean.† â€Å"No, Hari, it is my fault. I had absolutely no right to let you go Upperside alone. It was my job to protect you. I can’t stop blaming myself for what happened, for you getting lost.† â€Å"Now, wait a minute,† said Seldon, suddenly irritated. â€Å"I didn’t get lost. What do you think I am?† â€Å"I’d like to know what you call it. You were nowhere around when the others left and you didn’t get back to the entrance-or to the neighborhood of the entrance anyway-till well after dark.† â€Å"But that’s not what happened. I didn’t get lost just because I wandered away and couldn’t find my way back. I told you I was suspecting a conspiracy and I had cause to do so. I’m not totally paranoid.† â€Å"Well then, what did happen?† Seldon told her. He had no trouble remembering it in full detail; he had lived with it in nightmare for most of the preceding day. Dors listened with a frown. â€Å"But that’s impossible. A jet-down? Are you sure?† â€Å"Of course I’m sure. Do you think I was hallucinating?† â€Å"But the Imperial forces could not have been searching for you. They could not have arrested you Upperside without creating the same ferocious rumpus they would have if they had sent in a police force to arrest you on campus.† â€Å"Then how do you explain it?† â€Å"I’m not sure,† said Dors, â€Å"but it’s possible that the consequences of my failure to go Upperside with you might have been worse than they were and that Hummin will be seriously angry with me.† â€Å"Then let’s not tell him,† said Seldon. â€Å"It ended well.† â€Å"We must tell him,† said Dors grimly. â€Å"This may not be the end.† 30. That evening Jenarr Leggen came to visit. It was after dinner and he looked from Dors to Seldon several times, as though wondering what to say. Neither offered to help him, but both waited patiently. He had not impressed either of them as being a master of small talk. Finally he said to Seldon, â€Å"I’ve come to see how you are.† â€Å"Perfectly well,† said Seldon, â€Å"except that I’m a little sleepy. Dr. Venabili tells me that the treatment will keep me tired for a few days, presumably so I’m sure of getting needed rest.† He smiled. â€Å"Frankly, I don’t mind.† Leggen breathed in deeply, let it out, hesitated, and then, almost as though he was forcing the words out of himself, said, â€Å"I won’t keep you long. I perfectly understand you need to rest. I do want to say, though, that I am sorry it all happened. I should not have assumed-so casually-that you had gone down by yourself. Since you were a tyro, I should have felt more responsible for you. After all, I had agreed to let you come up. I hope you can find it in your heart to†¦ forgive me. That’s really all I wish to say.† Seldon yawned, putting his hand over his mouth. â€Å"Pardon me.-Since it seems to have turned out well, there need be no hard feelings. In some ways, it was not your fault. I should not have wandered away and, besides, what happened was-â€Å" Dors interrupted. â€Å"Now, Hari, please, no conversation. Just relax. Now, I want to talk to Dr. Leggen just a bit before he goes. In the first place, Dr. Leggen, I quite understand you are concerned about how repercussions from this affair will affect you. I told you there would be no follow-up if Dr. Seldon recovered without ill effects. That seems to be taking place, so you may relax-for now. I would like to ask you about something else and I hope that this time I will have your free cooperation.† â€Å"I will try, Dr. Venabili,† said Leggen stiffly. â€Å"Did anything unusual happen during your stay Upperside?† â€Å"You know it did. I lost Dr. Seldon, something for which I have just apologized.† â€Å"Obviously I’m not referring to that. Did anything else unusual happen?† â€Å"No, nothing. Nothing at all.† Dors looked at Seldon and Seldon frowned. It seemed to him that Dors was trying to check on his story and get an independent account. Did she think he was imagining the search vessel? He would have liked to object heatedly, but she had raised a quieting hand at him, as though she was preventing that very eventuality. He subsided, partly because of this and partly because he really wanted to sleep. He hoped that Leggen would not stay long. â€Å"Are you certain?† said Dors. â€Å"Were there no intrusions from outside?† â€Å"No, of course not. Oh-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, Dr. Leggen?† â€Å"There was a jet-down.† â€Å"Did that strike you as peculiar?† â€Å"No, of course not.† â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"This sounds very much as though I’m being cross-examined, Dr. Venabili. I don’t much like it.† â€Å"I can appreciate that, Dr. Leggen, but these questions have something to do with Dr. Seldon’s misadventure. It may be that this whole affair is more complicated than I had thought.† â€Å"In what way?† A new edge entered his voice. â€Å"Do you intend to raise new questions, requiring new apologies? In that case, I may find it necessary to withdraw.† â€Å"Not, perhaps, before you explain how it is you do not find a hovering jet-down a bit peculiar.† â€Å"Because, my dear woman, a number of meteorological stations on Trantor possess jet-downs for the direct study of clouds and the upper atmosphere. Our own meteorological station does not.† â€Å"Why not? It would be useful.† â€Å"Of course. But we’re not competing and we’re not keeping secrets. We will report on our findings; they will report on theirs. It makes sense, therefore, to have a scattering of differences and specializations. It would be foolish to duplicate efforts completely. The money and manpower we might spend on jet-downs can be spent on mesonic refractometers, while others will spend on the first and save on the latter. After all, there may be a great deal of competitiveness and ill feeling among the sectors, but science is one thing-only thing-that holds us together. You know that, I presume,† he added ironically. â€Å"I do, but isn’t it rather coincidental that someone should be sending a jet-down right to your station on the very day you were going to use the station?† â€Å"No coincidence at all. We announced that we were going to make measurements on that day and, consequently, some other station thought, very properly, that they might make simultaneous nephelometric measurements-clouds, you know. The results, taken together, would make more sense and be more useful than either taken separately.† Seldon said suddenly in a rather blurred voice, â€Å"They were just measuring, then?† He yawned again. â€Å"Yes† said Leggen. â€Å"What else would they possibly be doing?† Dors blinked her eyes, as she sometimes did when she was trying to think rapidly. â€Å"That all makes sense. To which station did this particular jet-down belong?† Leggen shook his head. â€Å"Dr. Venabili, how can you possibly expect me to tell?† â€Å"I thought that each meteorological jet-down might possibly have its station’s markings on it.† â€Å"Surely, but I wasn’t looking up and studying it, you know. I had my own work to do and I let them do theirs. When they report, I’ll know whose jet-down it was.† â€Å"What if they don’t report?† â€Å"Then I would suppose their instruments failed. That happens sometimes.† His right fist was clenched. â€Å"Is that all, then?† â€Å"Wait a moment. Where do you suppose the jet-down might have come from?† â€Å"It might be any station with jet-downs. On a day’s notice-and they got more than that-one of those vessels can reach us handily from anyplace on the planet.† â€Å"But who most likely?† â€Å"Hard to say: Hestelonia, Wye, Ziggoreth, North Damiano. I’d say one of these four was the most likely, but it might be any of forty others at least.† â€Å"Just one more question, then. Just one. Dr. Leggen, when you announced that your group would be Upperside, did you by any chance say that a mathematician, Dr. Hari Seldon, would be with you.† A look of apparently deep and honest surprise crossed Leggen’s face, a look that quickly turned contemptuous. â€Å"Why should I list names? Of what interest would that be to anyone?† â€Å"Very well,† said Dors. â€Å"The truth of the matter, then, is that Dr. Seldon saw the jet-down and it disturbed him. I am not certain why and apparently his memory is a bit fuzzy on the matter. He more or less ran away from the jet-down, got himself lost, didn’t think of trying to return-or didn’t dare to-till it was well into twilight, and didn’t quite make it back in the dark. You can’t be blamed for that, so let’s forget the whole incident on both sides. â€Å"Agreed,† said Leggen. â€Å"Good-bye!† He turned on his heel and left. When he was gone, Dors rose, pulled off Seldon’s slippers gently, straightened him in his bed, and covered him. He was sleeping, of course. Then she sat down and thought. How much of what Leggen had said was true and what might possibly exist under the cover of his words? She did not know. How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 6 Rescue, Essay examples

Short Story free essay sample

In the beginning, the sky was very low; it was possible to touch it with a long bamboo pole. Because of this proximity, everything on earth was burnt by the intense heat of the sun. The rivers and the seas were boiling tremendously. Then suddenly from nowhere, a huge man appeared on earth. This enormous being was called Maykapal. Some of the ancient Tagalogs, said that Maykapal was the Lord of the universe who came down to earth to correct some mistakes in his work. However, unable to get rest from the intense heat, Maykapal got mad one day. With his hands, he raised the sky to is present height. In spite of this change, however, the heat from the sun was still unbearable. In those days, it was said that the sun had two eyes and the heat it gave was twice as much as we have now. In his disgust, Maykapal took his bolo and pierced one of the sun’s eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result of this incident, the old folks say, the sun became one-eyed and it was for this reason that, since then, it generated just enough light to sustain life on earth. But despite this well-regulated heat from the sun, Maykapal was not contented with his handiwork. The sight of the cold and barren earth made him feel lonely. So one day, he took some curious looking seeds from his pocket and sowed them. Then he tore the clouds and the first rain came. A few days later, the earth was covered with plants and flowers. With these innovations completed, Maykapal decided to furnish the world with light. The enveloping darkness at night made him feel insecure. He knew he was alone but he could not understand his own feelings. So he picked up some queer-looking and glittering shells from the beach, willed that they should have light, and hung them in the sky. These bacame the stars and the moon. Contented now, he returned to his adobe by way of Mount Arayat. Short Story free essay sample He wore OLL- stained Jeans and a torn leather vest, but no shirt. Straight black hair hung nearly to his waist. A snake tattoo circled his forearm. Mild-athletes, I guessed. I didnt realize I was staring so hard until he scowled and muttered, Do I know you, bud? I quickly averted my eyes, not wishing for an exchange of words and maybe more. The man picked up the newspaper and the pack of cigarettes hed purchased, and walked toward the doors. I stepped to the counter to pay for my gasoline.I dismissed the incident from my mind and began thinking of how great it would be to get home. Only fifty more miles to Cedar Pointed, my hometown. Id been away to college for an eternity, It seemed. With summer vacation here, I was anticipating seeing my girlfriend and family again. Excellent the glass doors, I stepped out Into the thickening dusk, and was halted by a gruff voice. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hey, man. Turning, I spotted the longhair guy again. What is it? I hoped this didnt mean trouble. Hey, man, he said again, uncertainly, which way you headed? To Cedar Pointed. Why? I started to walk to my car. The guy followed, to my annoyance. Cool, thats where I live. Can you give me a ride, man? His voice was eager, pleading. well I hesitated. He drew closer. I detected the odors of dried sweat and stale tobacco smoke radiating from his body. Im in a hurry, I mumbled and slid into the drivers seat of my Dodge Intrepid. I attempted to close the door, but the guy grabbed the handle, and with surprising strength, prevented me. He began to speak hurriedly. Have a heart, man.Ive been stranded here for SIX bucking hours, and nobodys give me a ride. I hitchhiked with a trucker from Merrill to here, but cant get anybody As these words gushed from his mouth, I again was struck by the uncanny sense that I knew him. Do I know you? Im from Cedar Pointed, myself, I ventured. l dont know. I dont recognize you. My question seemed to irritate him. Get in, I gave in reluctantly, leaning over and unlocking the passenger door. This is a huge mistake, I thought. As we pulled onto the highway, my unwelcome passenger lit a cigarette.Though I dont smoke, and the smell gives me a headache, I said nothing. I thought that perhaps it would be easier for both of us if the guy was occupied with something. He med to sense my irritation at his presence and did not attempt conversation. The irrational thought that I knew him from a previous encounter kept returning. I studied on it in the silence. Where had I met him before? A sense of foreboding grew in me as I tried to remember. It seemed that the man was connected somehow to some terrible danger Id been in That Im in now.The thought came unbidden. Was it true? Was he dangerous? His appearance certainly did nothing to inspire confidence. Then it hit me. That crazy dream! The guy was in a dream I had a couple of nights before. I remembered waking up around two oclock in the morning with the conviction that it was some kind of warning. The next morning Id dismissed it from my mind, thinking it was ridiculous. Now I wished like hell I could remember the dream and how it ended. I turned for a quick glance at my passenger, hoping Id recall the dream if I saw his face again.What I did see caused my heart to lurch sickeningly. The hitchhikers hand was emerging from inside his vest. He clutched an 8-inch hunting knife. The blade gleamed hideously and I caught my breath. The man turned, noticed my expression, then laughed. Didnt mean to scare you. Thought Id clean my fingernails. He proceeded to do just that, but my fear was not alleviated. You know, man, its hard to hitch a ride. He spoke, as he continued digging under his nails with the knife. Must be my looks. He stared at me, as if to catch my reaction to his words. People dont seem to trust me. Itd be a off lot easier to trust you if youd put that damn knife away. Aloud, I said: Yeah. Guess so. I always try to give people the benefit of the doubt. Unlike you, We said nothing for awhile and my disturbing passenger seemed to fall into a deep contemplation, now using his knife as a toothpick. The miles fell behind, and I saw that we were entering what might be called a town, consisting of a couple of broken down houses and a gas station in the middle of nowhere. Id have to find some way to ditch this guy.My bladder was about to pop, and it offered an excellent excuse for stopping. l have to use the restroom. I explained, as I whipped into the gas station, which, thankfully, was still lit up. l need to take a sit. the knife-wielding hitcher responded. Great. The perfect opportunity to ditch him! I hoped the station would have a restroom that was not Out of Order. I was in luck. I hurried into the restroom first, and went about my business, touching the filthy fixtures as little as possible. I made my exit. My strange passenger went in after me, saying, Wait for me. I will, I promised, thinking: Whatever, freak. I ran to my car, leaped in, and slammed it into reverse. Peering into the review mirror before backing out of the parking spot, I was startled to see a man running toward my car. He held up his hand to stop me, and called, Wait! I need help. Can you help me? I waited as he approached, wondering who the hell I was about to meet now. When the man reached the window, I was astonished to see he was decked out in a black suit and tie and carried a briefcase. A businessman. Could I trouble you for a ride, he asked, pleasantly. This is insane! Ive goat get out of here, I muttered to myself, wondering what kind of freakish bad luck brings two hitchhikers in one night. I was releasing the break and Just about to back out, when the businessman stopped me again. l can pay you well. He smiled, produced a stack of bills, and waved them in my face. My car broke down about a mile from here. I need to get to the nearest actual town. Theres no phone here. My cell has no reception. Can you take me? Again he flourished the green papers. well . Sure, I agreed, mesmerisms by the sight of the money. Just hurry and out, but at that moment my passenger door opened. The knife climbed in beside me, glaring. You were about to leave me, he accused. Leaning over me, he peered out at the businessman. He pulled the knife, brandished it for emphasis, and said, Beat it, bud. This is my ride. No room for you. He gestured toward the back seat piled with clothing, bags, and boxes. Drive, he ordered me. I obeyed, afraid not to. Looking in the review mirror as we pulled away from the taxation, I saw the businessman staring after us. I prayed hed somehow get to a phone and inform the police of what hed seen.It was my only hope. We rode in silence, my passenger toying with the knife and chain-smoking, while my nerves continued to fray. I was amazed when we rolled into Cedar Pointed and I was still alive. The hitchhiker directed me to his house. Predictably, the house was an unlivable ruin. A rusty pickup rested on concrete blocks in the yard. A gigantic Shepherd dog stood guard, baring its teeth at my unfamiliar vehicle. I steered to the curb and the hitchhiker wearily stepped out, grunting his thanks allowed by a deep smokers cough. Inwardly, I breathed a huge sigh of relief. Short Story free essay sample Trodden with the cattles feet, But a Pebble of the brook Warbled out these meters meet: Love seethe only Self to please, To bind another to its delight, Joys In anothers loss of ease, And builds a hell In heavens despite. Corrupted By The Sun I saw her. In a miniscule moment. Her long brown hair so luscious and lively, cascading like a waterfall past her shoulders down to her torso. Curls bouncing as she turned.Her eyes were as green as a tropical forest. When caught in your direction, they not only saw your body but also your soul. So bewitching, as if she could lure you in with a single grimace. I was breathless. Her beauty was bewildering. I could not seem to comprehend how a woman could be so perfect. It seemed as though utopia did exist, though It had taken human form. I had never felt like that before, It was Incredible, yet somewhat miserable. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .. Would I ever see this woman again? Was she real or was I going mad? I continued to promenade through the markets. The thought of this woman still trapped In my mind.That night was the most difficult, as I did not get a wink of sleep, but how could l? After seeing such a beautiful woman, what man would be able to resist such a temptation? I wanted to see her again; I needed to see her again. I had to know she was real. I had to know that I was not crazy, and that perfection did exist, as I had Just witnessed it in her. I lay on my bed, watching the sunrise through my window. I rose, and wandered off to a nearby field. I come here to reminisce and appreciate how beautiful the world is, Inhaling the natural beauty infused In the flora.I lay beneath he oak tree, so peaceful and pleased. I could hear the soft voice of a woman, whispering sweet melodies. I thought this odd, as I know no one often comes by here. I looked up and wondered whom it may be. I rose, and began to walk towards her. I noticed her gathering some flowers, placing them In a basket. She was wearing a long yellow silk dress, more vibrant then the sun. I called out to her and she turned. It was whispered Hello. Her voice sounded worried. As stunned as I was, I managed to utter, Hello Malady, may I ask what you are doing? She came closer to me. L was gust collecting some flowers for my table at home, Im very sorry, I was unaware this field belonged to someone, please do excuse my behavior she replied. It took me a while to respond, as I was too busy observing her lips as she spoke. No Malady dont apologies, this field does not belong to me or anyone, feel free to do as you wish, I explained. She looked at me and sighed with relief. Oh Good! I am new to town and I would not want to be considered disrespectful. I then proceeded to invite her to come back to my house for tea, she gladly accepted.We sat there telling stories and reminiscing over childhood memories. She told me she had moved away from her family, that she needed an adventure. Our eyes connected for a brief moment. I went to kiss her on the lips, fearing whether or not she would accept. She caressed the side of my face and kissed me so sweetly. A kiss filled with nothing but compassion. I felt like the luckiest man alive. After that day, she and I would never go a day without each other. We were in-love. She was like a breath of fresh air infusing life back into me. After a few months, I was beginning to want her more. She was so desirable and pure.One day I turned to her ND asked, My darling, would you let me take your virtue? she looked at me and smiled, kissed me on the lips and lay down. That night she stayed with me. We kissed so passionately. I began to take off her clothes, humanely caressing her body while our lips connected. She breathed so heavily, the sweet sound of her moans I will always remember. Then, we Just lay in each others arms, content and satisfied. She turned to me and said, I love you with a soft kiss. From then on, a fever broke out into me. From every day to twice a day, to three times to four, I could not escape from the iron grip of desire.She became distant. She would not look at me during our love making anymore. I was furious! How dare she! Why would she not look at me? Did she not love me? Was I not good enough? When we were done she would make any excuse to go home. She stopped coming to my house so often. Then she stopped completely. My love. My Utopia was gone. I loved her. I was everything she wanted me to be! She gave herself to me! She was mine! Without her I was going insane. My heart had Just been ripped apart. She broke me. I was nothing. I had to know; I had to know why she was gone. How could she be so rule?The love of my life had Just left me here, broken, distraught, and lonely. I had enough, I had given her enough time to return to me. I decided it was time to bring her back myself. I went to her house. Thumping on the door, so loud the entire street would hear. I sat, crying. The door opened. I looked up to see not her, someone else. Another man. Who was this man? Who did he think he is! I prejudicially rushed through the door. I saw her. Lying there unclothed. My mind flooded with detrimental thoughts. I cringed in dismay at the thought of another mans lips touching hers.The an approached me, I told him he ought to leave before things got out of hand. I belongings and left. It was Just she and l. She was crying. Trying to explain but I would not let her. I picked her up and carried her to the bedroom. I threw her on the bed, turned her around and took her one last time. She breathed heavily, though this time it was followed by cries for help. I could feel her heart beating fast. I could feel the thumping. I could not take it anymore! If I could not have her, no one would! She was perfect for ME, and ONLY me. I reached for the first thing I saw, clenching it in y hand.I swung subconsciously. The thumping slowed down, until it stopped beating completely, her body gushing red. I sat over her, as she lay there impassive. I was once humble, now I am nothing but bitter, and she is reprehensible. Perfection did not exist; what an obscure thought. Love is paltry. It leaves you petty and feeble. I will never forget what she had done to me; I will never let another woman do that to me again. I would rather swim then sink. I lay beneath the oak tree, a place of tranquility, though I sat mindlessly. Darkness overpowered me. I am Just as corrupted as the sun.

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Introduction This paper discusses the ideals of individualism and collectivism. There exist cultural disparities in social behavior caused by ideals of collectivism and individualism. Individualism is the notion that life is individualistic and thus, everyone has a right to live as he pleases (Sampson, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Individualism vs. Collectivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ideal also holds that a person ought to act on his individual opinions, pursue the values of his preference as well as utilize and maintain the creation of his effort. Besides, it is the thought that the person is an end to himself, independent and the basic component of moral concern (Kim, 1994). This represents the principle that Americans expressed and endeavored to launch when they formed the Constitution that safeguards a person’s rights to freedom, rights to live, right to own possessions, a s well as the individual quest for happiness. On the other hand, collectivism is the thought that a person’s life belongs to the entire community and that he does not possess any rights (Kim, 1994). Rather, the idea holds that an individual should forfeit his goals and values for the good of the larger group. From the perspective of collectivism, the society forms the fundamental element of moral concern, and a person has to serve the group to get value (Kim, 1994). In other words, the only rights that an individual possesses are those that the society bestows. From when a person is born to the day of his demise, the community allows him certain rights and denies him others. This ideal values the welfare, preservation and happiness of the entire community. Collectivism and individualism have a strong attachment to the society and thus, they shape our identities and behavior. The two ideals shape our values, attitudes, understanding, communication, socialization, as well as at tribution. Normally, intellectuals use individualist behaviors to describe people in Western parts of the world including North America and Western Europe, while they use collectivism to describe people from other parts of the world such as Africa, South American, and Asia. The majority of Europeans and North Americans have a sovereign perception of the self as a unit that is self-sufficient, unique, independent and gifted with exclusive characters.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in countries like Africa, Asia and Latin America, citizens embrace a mutually dependent perception of the self as a component of a bigger social system that comprises the family, colleagues as well as others to whom we have social attachments. As per se, Americans are more apt to articulate ego-focused sentiments such as pride and resentment. Conversely, Japanese who are collectivist ofte n announce feelings of gratitude to somebody, familiarity to somebody and association with someone. Resolving the Conflict between Individualism and Collectivism The issue of individualism vs. collectivism is a source of main conflict in America. American scholars and politicians seek to know with certainty whether an individual has total rights over his life, or whether individuals belong to societies, from where they should derive their moral values. Those who support individualism use ideas of metaphysics, to support their claims. They argue that people that we see in the environment exit as entities and not groups. While they recognize that people may be in groups, they say that we see indivisible beings that have their own bodies’ minds and life. In their interpretation, groups are just individuals who gather for their self-interests. They assert that the fact that people exist as entity beings is an observable truth that does not need debate. Individualism, Collectivism and Culture Several factors determine whether a culture assumes the collectivist or individualistic nature. The first is the wealth of society. As citizens start to thrive, they become economically independent from each other, and this also encourages social independence, mobility in addition to a focus on individual and not collective ends. The second factor is the complexity of a society. People exist in more multifaceted modern societies, as opposed to the nomads, they get more groups to relate to, and this makes them to have a larger focus on individual rather than collective goals, because they have less loyalty to these groups. Another factor is heterogeneity. Homogeneous or tight societies are apt to be rigid and intolerant of those who behave in unacceptable ways. Factors that characterize such communities include shared religion, language and societal principles. Heterogeneous societies, which have many cultures coexisting together, tend to be more tolerant, creating room for further individual expression. Individualism stresses personal autonomy and accomplishment. Hence, an individualist culture honors social status depending on individual undertakings such as significant innovations, inventions, artwork, or charitable work and all dealings that make a person noticeable Collectivism, in contrast emphasizes on connectedness of persons in a bigger group. It supports conventionality and disheartens individuals from rebelling and acting distinctively. African development serves as a good illustration of collectivism.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Individualism vs. Collectivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Africans treat productive persons with distrust and force them to share their extra wealth with the community. Therefore, collective reprimands exist to punish the affluent. Such reprimands take the form of social exclusion, loss of status, or even violence. For instanc e, communities have often used witchcraft allegations to punish gluttony and covetousness in addition to ambitions to travel to other areas. At the rear of these reprimands is the fear that the connectedness of the society will be destabilized and that a person who seems more flourishing will depart the community or will not reallocate any extra products, or food. In most African communities, people with huge savings tend to keep this as a secret from other community members at all costs, for fear of retribution. Measures of Collectivism and Individualism Hofstede (1980) came up with a conventional measure of collectivism and individualism. He utilized studies of IBM workers in thirty countries to draw conclusions. His idea was to study people with equal jobs in diverse nations in the same firm in an attempt to gauge cultural disparities. To evade cultural prejudice in the framing of questions, a team of English and native language speakers participated in the interpretation of the survey into native languages. Recently, Hofstede’s gauge of individualism extends to about 80 nations. The gauge of individualism in other methods other than Hofstede’s index utilizes a wide selection of survey queries to create cultural standards. To sum up construct indices and information, they use factor analysis. The index of individualism, in Hofstede’s study, is the primary factor in queries concerning the significance of autonomy, personal time, as well as fascinating and satisfying work. This factor loads negatively on significance of collaboration, associations with seniors as well as harmony and positively on valuing accomplishment, personal liberty, prospects, recognition and progression. Discrepancies of Individualism and Collectivism among Persons Attitudes towards collectivist and individualist ideals are not mutually exclusive. For instance, they can exist together on the personal level, since people have both sovereign and co-dependent attitudes . Besides, collectivist and individualist approaches can be set off as a function of social associations and communal perspectives. Thus, we can say, individualist associations are regular with a number of people or in certain circumstances such as in business dealings, while with others the association is collectivist such as with relatives. There exists variation in collectivist and individualist attitudes in diverse forms of associations for instance, with a parent, fiancà ©e, neighbor, or colleague. Thus, people belong to certain groupings of collectivist and individualist attitudes.Advertising Looking for assessment on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Development of Individualism and Collectivism among different Countries Americans perceive individualism as a good thing. Nevertheless, the term individualism seems to have its origin remote to the North American sphere, specifically in the French Revolution. It seems that America used individualism to portray the negative effect of personal rights on the interests of the commonwealth. The growing surge of the individual rights group was apprehensive. People thought that individualism would quickly make the society fall apart into the power of individualism (Burke, 1973). From this perspective, individualism portrays a worldview opposed to society and communal social organization. In fact, there is an extensive Western custom of differentiating collective and individual spotlights. For instance, Emile Durkheim utilized the words mechanical and organic cohesion to compare the provisional associations formed in multifaceted communities among different others. From this perspective, or ganic solidarity describes a personal focus and the lasting bonds created among parallel others in traditional communities. Mechanical solidarity, on the other hand, is the communal focus. In addition, Weber (1930) differentiated Protestantism with Catholicism to show the difference between individualistic and collectivists. Catholicism believes in collectivism while Protestantism believes in individualism. He explained how Protestantism promoted self-reliance in addition to personal interests, while Catholicism supported lasting and hierarchical associations. Weber’s explanation on collectivism and individualism resembles the relationship between the collective rural villages and the individualistic urban societies. For the last 20 years, the notion of differentiating communities depending on dissimilarities in individualism has augmented in status, in a big proportion due to the very prominent work of Hofstede. Hofstede (1980) distinguished individualism in countries from m asculinity, power distance and uncertainty avoidance. In his descriptions, the particular questions utilized to evaluate individualism centered on the place of work, differentiating the level that employees esteemed individual time and preference with the level they esteemed career trainings and job security. During the Study, Hofstede (1980) assessed likely experiences and inferences of these job-related aspects for communities. While he was not the first social scholar to center unequivocally on culture, Hofstede’s concepts were significant since they prearranged cultural diversities into distinct patterns, which eased comparative study and instigated a swiftly growing organization of cultural and inter-cultural exploration in the following 20 years. Typically, researchers depict collectivism as the opposite of individualism particularly when differentiating East Asian cultural structures and European American (Chan, 1994). Researchers in social science believe that individ ualism is more widespread in developed Western societies than other traditional communities in emerging nations are. The process of civic liberation and Protestantism in Western democracies brought social and public structures that supported the position of personal freedom, and self-actualization and individual preference (Sampson, 2001). Scholars believe that these practices resulted in a Western civilizing center on individualism that is further outstanding in nations and cultural societies with a Protestant legacy. They also relate the thought of Western individualism to both in country and cross regional relationships of ethnic societies with diverse cultural legacies. Therefore, in America, it is usually understood that European Americans are less in collectivism and much into individualism than other people in ethnic minority groups elsewhere. Overall, present hypothesis in cultural psychology depicts the most individualistic group to be European Americans. The first thought that comes into one’s mind when dealing with European Americans is their individualistic nature. Since 1835, Americans have been individualistic. Individualism in America relates to restricted government, as well as equality and individual freedoms. American individualism is also associated with the American frontiers, the Puritans and the origin of their market economy. Individualism in America For a long time, Americans have taken liberty, life and the quest for happiness with much significance. Besides, Americans are known to carry out themselves as independent individuals, who are detached from others. They do not expect to receive any free thing from others, and they do not give out their things. They believe that they are individually responsible for their destiny. In fact, contemporary American cultural idols maintain to express their faith in individualism. Individual privacy as well as personal rights and liberties are celebrated. Besides, independence and individual happiness are highly esteemed. The truth is that every American endeavors to create a private, special and distinctive self (Sampson, 2001). Besides, Americans perceive individualism as an exclusively American feature that forms a fundamental element of their culture. Nevertheless, despite the apparent consent that European Americans are the model that depicts individualism, there is no logical prove of the principal postulation that European Americans act, or are more individualistic than other societies. Besides, there exists an obvious tension between the supposition that European Americans are exclusively low in collectivism and more inclined to individualism. Another area of contention is the supposition that the psychological frames built within the cultural ideals of attribution, self-concept and associations are collective frameworks, and not just structures resulting from and pertinent to an individualistic perspective. According to Baumeister (1998), recent American psych ological inquiry is mainly focused on an individualistic perspective and may not essentially act as a common form of human behavior to the degree that other individuals or states of the globe are stridently dissimilar from Americans in collectivism and individualism. For instance, focus on self-esteem and the principle that achievement of personal happiness is a fundamental motivational force acts as a guide to explorations on self-concept. Similarly, construal of cognitive processes and individual perceptions happens with regard to even traits, while equity is the foundation for flourishing relationships (Triandis, 1995). Such models of research can only be in shape with individualistic, but not collectivistic, ideals of the world. According to Triandis (1995), it is true that there exists disparities in individualism and the power of cultural structures is evident for the spheres of acknowledgment and relationality than all other areas. Psychological Consequences of Individualism According to Triandis (1995), it is possible to distinguish psychological effects of individualism in relation to self-concept, relationality and attribution. First, self-concept makes individualists to focus on making and sustaining a positive sense of self. In addition, self-concept makes individualists to feel good, to strive for individual success, and hold many unique individual views and attitudes. As per se, abstract characteristics, and not communal, descriptors are central to self-conceptualization Moreover, it is possible to distinguish psychological effects of individualism in relation to well-being. Individualism calls for open expression of sentiments as well as accomplishment of personal aims. Individualists view these two aspects as vital sources of life satisfaction and well-being. Furthermore, individualism calls for a personal orientation when it comes to reasoning and judgment, since the cause of the problems, or issues is perceived as an entity. Therefore, indivi dualists’ style of reasoning does not consider specific circumstances, or context. Rather, the style presupposes that social information is not connected to the social context. Lastly, the effects of individualism on relationships are quite tentative. People need relationships and affiliations to groups to achieve self-relevant ends, although relationships are expensive to sustain. Scholars imagine that individualists use equity standards to poise benefits and costs associated with relationships (Kim, 1994). They postulate that people step out of relationships when the costs exceed benefits, and join new relationships that may lead to achievement of personal goals. Thus, theorists suppose that individualists form temporary relationships and group affiliations (Kim, 1994). Psychological Consequences of Collectivism A key component of collectivism is the supposition that groups collectivism aims at keeping members of the communal system leaning toward in-groups and afar from ou t-group. In this case, in-groups include the clan, family, as well as ethnic and religious groups. According to Triandis (1995), collectivism is a varied construct, bringing together culturally dissimilar foci on diverse types and stages of reference groups. Thus, collectivism can denote a wide range of attitudes, values and actions than individualism. While at times seen as plain opposites, it is possibly more precise to conceptualize collectivism and individualism and as concepts that vary in the issues, they make prominent. Sampson (2001) explains that collectivism is found in communal societies typified by disseminate and mutual duties as well as prospects deriving from attributed statuses. In such societies, social components with similar objectives and values are centralized. The individual is just a part of the social, making the group that the person lives in the main component of focus. It is easy to identify possible psychological effects of collectivism. Some of these eff ects relate to welfare, self-concept, attribution and association. First, with reference to the self, collectivism denotes that belonging to a certain group is an essential feature of identity. On the same note, collectivism requires individual traits to mirror the objectives of collectivism, for instance, keeping harmonious interactions and sacrificing for the ordinary good of other members. Second, with reference to emotional expression and welfare, collectivists explain that satisfaction in life comes from accomplishing social obligations and ensuring success as opposed to failure in those areas. Besides, collectivists call for moderation in expressing sentiments, but not direct and open expression of inner emotions. Third, with reference to decisions, attributions and causal thinking, collectivism calls for consideration of the social environment, situational restraints, as well as social responsibilities. Collectivism contextualizes meaning and the memory of collectivists conta ins details that are richly rooted. Finally, with reference to relationships, collectivism calls for significant group memberships. Every member in a collective society must belong to a certain group. Members within the groups have certain limitations. In addition, exchanges inside the groups should follow the principles of generosity and equality. Case study of China China is a country that has had ideological evolution from a more collectivist society to a more individualistic society. China now embraces capitalism in its economy as opposed to socialism. Capitalists promote individualism (Weber, 1930). They believe that there is always a reward for individual effort and these rewards benefit an individual. On the contrary, socialists promote the wellbeing if the group rather than the individual. For a long time, China was a socialist economy. However, China experienced economic transformation in the last two decades and it transformed to a capitalist society. While the Chinese Com munist Party (CCP) goes on with its activities in the disguise of socialism, it should continue to turn away the surfacing of values like individualism, whose affiliation is in developed, Western democracies such as America. We all know that China is slowly embracing some aspects of individualism, although CPP does not announce it loudly. Nevertheless, this transformation to an individualistic society has led to realization that each citizen has some personal responsibility for his or her failure and achievements. Conclusion In conclusion, collectivism and individualism are cultural aspects that have a strong attachment to the society. Both aspects shape our identities and behavior. They also shape our values, attitudes, understanding, communication, socialization, as well as attribution. Individualism stresses personal autonomy and accomplishment. Hence, an individualist culture honors social status depending on individual undertakings such as significant innovations, inventions, a rtwork, or charitable work and all dealings that make a person noticeable Collectivism, in contrast emphasizes on connectedness of persons in a bigger group. It supports conventionality and disheartens individuals from rebelling and acting distinctively. African development serves as a good illustration of collectivism. Africans treat productive persons with distrust and force them to share their extra wealth with the community. Americans, on the other hand, embrace individualism. Every American endeavors to create a private, special and distinctive self (Sampson, 2001). They perceive individualism as an exclusively American feature that forms a fundamental element of their culture. In fact, Americans take liberty, life and the quest for happiness with much significance. Besides, Americans carry out themselves as independent individuals, who are detached from others. They do not expect to receive any free thing from others, and they do not give out their things. They believe that th ey are individually responsible for their destiny. Collectivism requires individual traits to mirror the objectives of collectivists. Collectivists explain that satisfaction in life comes from accomplishing social obligations and ensuring success as opposed to failure in those areas. They also call for moderation in expressing sentiments, but not direct and open expression of inner emotions. On the other hand, individualists focus on making and sustaining a positive sense of self. They call for open expression of sentiments as well as accomplishment of personal aims. Furthermore, individualists call for personal orientation when it comes to reasoning and judgment, since individualism treats causes of the problem, or issues as an entity. Therefore, individualists’ style of reasoning does not consider specific circumstances, or context. Rather, the style presupposes that social information is separate from the social context. Therefore, both collectivism and individualism shape our identities and behavior. References Baumeister, R. (1998). The self. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 680–740). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Burke, E. (1973). Reflections on the revolution in France. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. Chan, D. K. (1994). COLINDEX: A refinement of three collectivism measures. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 200–210). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Kim, U. (1994). Individualism and collectivism: Conceptual clarification and elaboration. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 19–40). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sampson, E. E. (2001). Reinterpreting individualism and collectivism: Their religious r oots and monologic versus dialogic person-other relationship. American Psychologist, 55, 1425–1432. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York, NY: Routledge. 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Emotional and Cognitive Intelligence Essays

Emotional and Cognitive Intelligence Essays Emotional and Cognitive Intelligence Essay Emotional and Cognitive Intelligence Essay Cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence have both been widely examined with regard to their effect on individual workplace abilities. A critical comparison of the two concepts will be the basis of this essay. Some theorists have hypothesised that the ease with which an employee can process information and work towards solutions (our cognitive intelligence) is the key aspect in our ability to contribute to the workplace, particularly in more complex environments (Viswesvaran Ones, 2002). While others support the theory that our ability to use and adapt to emotion (our emotional intelligence; EI) has the greatest affect on our organisational involvement (Cherniss, Extein, Goleman, Weissberg, 2006). Through exploration of both theories, and their respective strengths and weaknesses coupled with their practical applications, this essay will aim to support the, perhaps rather diplomatic, view that the two concepts are not only equally important but, in fact, complementary (Cote Miners, 2006). Since the emergence of emotional intelligence as a theoretical construct in the work of Salovey and Mayer (1989) there has been much debate surrounding its precise definition (Spector and Johnson, 2006). Despite these deliberations EI has come to be accepted as an one’s ability to recognise, project and shape their own emotions, and identify and appropriately respond to the emotions of others (Mayer, Salovey, Caruso, 2000). Furthermore, through research EI has become widely acknowledged for its organisational importance. Organisational leadership is purportedly more likely in individuals with high EI abilities (Rosete Ciarrochi, 2005) while Kirch, Tucker, and Kirch (2001) speculated that accounting firms’ sole focus on cognitive capabilities when recruiting may lead to unhappy working environments. A popular method of testing for EI in research is the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT) (Cherniss, 2010; Cote Miners, 2006). When a store manager recognises one of their staff is stressed or unhappy and offers them a break, some time off or even counselling they are employing their EI skills. It is estimated that anywhere up to 80% of our business potential is dependant on these skills, with only 20% of an individual’s organisational success based on their cognitive abilities (Kirch et al. , 2001). This leaves little doubt about its importance in business. In complete contrast, cognitive intelligence is not a debatable concept. Generally speaking cognitive intelligence refers to an individual’s quantitative abilities, such as memory, problem solving and the ability to absorb and then utilise information (Cote Miners, 2006). It has been studied in relation to the workforce for well over 80 years (Viswesveran Ones, 2002), and it is quite obviously a valued attribute in wider society. We extensively test the cognitive abilities of our Year 12s in the examinations for the Higher School Certificate; receptionists are tested on their typing skills based on a words-per-minute measurement, and individuals are even asked to complete a comprehension task when the apply for training in the police force – physical ability alone is not sufficient. Cognitive intelligence is used every day; remembering to pick something up from the store, or calculating the total of the bill in a restaurant are examples of everyday cognitive capabilities. As such it is highly valued in jobs of elevated practical and mathematical expertise, such as linguistics or laboratory science. Some might even say the value placed upon these strengths is too high, but we will elaborate on that later. The existence and importance of emotional intelligence in life and work is virtually indisputable. Every time a sales manager sits down with a new recruit to ensure they are comfortable and prepared before their first cold call, or a doctor shields his fear about a potentially dangerous diagnosis to keep the patient calm, EI is in use. However, perhaps its greatest limitation lies in the ambiguity and near-cliche of the term itself (Cherniss, 2010). It has been studied and elaborated upon so much, that what was initially a concise realm of specificity, has – particularly in the area of EI testing – become convoluted by measures of social intelligence and emotional and social competencies (Cherniss, 2010), which while similar to EI do distinctly deviate from the generally accepted Mayer et al. 2000 model of it. Some measures even include tests of cognitive intelligence, the concept with which it is supposedly in direct contrast. This has led to criticism about whether or not measures of EI have construct validity (Cherniss, 2010). From a theoretical standpoint the equivocality regarding an agreed definition of EI most specifically affects the theorists studying the concept. From an organisational perspective the practical implications of uncertainty surround the measurement of the concept, as opposed to its definition. For example if an organisation relies heavily on a team which is cohesive, cooperative and connected to one another the business may screen potential employees to ensure they will suit the role using a measure of emotional intelligence. Here in lay the problem; if a construct cannot be clearly defined, how can a test every truly have construct validity – how can the variables indicating an particular outcome ever be accurate, when we do not know exactly what we are measuring? Moreover, a focus on EI within businesses and organisations could have significant drawbacks. Unavoidable though it may be, if EI is the sole focus when staffing a coffee shop, the outcome may be a lack of efficacy, drive and direction. For example, if all of the staff are preoccupied with the emotions of their co-workers and are constantly self-monitoring their behaviour so as to maintain absolute harmony within the team, the focus will be on the relationships rather than the task at hand. Similarly cognitive intelligence is an important component of not only our work lives, but also our everyday lives. You would not allow an electrician to delve into your fuse box if they did not have the capacity to understand its complexities – nor would they have been employed in the field in the first place. In the same sense, an individual might struggle to make it to work punctually without the ability to comprehend the bus timetable. With that in mind however it is important to recognise the limitations of cognitive intelligence. If you take for example the Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admission Test (GAMSAT) which future Australian medical, dental and optometry students must take in order to be allowed into their preferred degree. The role of the test is to gauge the cognitive abilities of the individual, given the sophisticated level of learning required. However, few universities in Australia allow, even a high GAMSAT scorer, entry into a medical degree without the successful completion of a face-to-face interview because demonstration of their emotional intelligence capabilities is a vital aspect of this job, and one could argue all fields of work. If all the lawyers in a law firm possessed only cognitive abilities, they would likely complete tasks with a great deal of efficiency and accuracy. However when it came to recognising distress, sadness or indeed any emotion in a client being questioned on the stand, they may fail o even recognise the discord. It has also been acknowledged that even though cognitive testing is widely recognised as valid and reliable (Viswesvaran and Ones, 2002), there is always the possibility that an individual with a high score on an accepted measure of cognitive intelligence such as the Stanford-Binet IQ test (Wood et al. 2010), will perform poorly in a workplace deemed below their individual capacity, and in reverse someone with a low cognitive expectancy may perform well in a role of great complexity (Viswesvaran Ones, 2002). Explanations for these variances are broad, and generally speak to the fluidity of the concepts. In spite of what is clearly a myriad of conflicting research studies, basic logic gives rise to the theory that both types of intelligence have their strengths in the workforce. Emotional intelligence accounts for very subjective every day workplace experiences such as the friendships we form; and moreover the evolutionary path of EI could also be said to be responsible for the development of things like bereavement leave, exit interviews, employer counselling facilities and team building seminars or meetings. The en masse emotions and moods of employees throughout the past few decades – and the highly emotionally intelligent people who observed these emotions – could arguably be said to have paved the way for these positive changes in policy and corporate development. Judging emotional intelligence strictly by a measure of success potentially contributes to the perception that it is a weak concept. It is possible that emotional intelligence is related to beneficial outcomes that cannot be measured by a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in business. For example Cherniss, 2010 cited various researches that indicated EI contributed to personal wellbeing, improved interpersonal relations and even a reduction in the likelihood of depression and drug use. Aside from the obvious strength of giving people the ability to complete work related tasks, the abundance of attributes under the umbrella of cognitive intelligence is probably the greatest asset of the cognitive family. The boundaries of cognition are vast; the concept covers memory, mathematical processing, verbal reasoning, perception, memory, visual processing, judging, use of language and many other elements. Thus it is almost impossible to be completely lacking in cognitive strength generally. As indicated by Viswesvaran and Ones (2002) and Cote and Miners (2006), if one is weak in a particular cognitive area they will likely compensate with strength in another. For example, a mathematics professor is an obvious candidate for someone with immense cognitive power, however if that same professor always forgets his keys or where his car is parked, this is a cognitive failure. Therefore it is possible to be cognitively strong, and therefore potentially productive in the workplace, if you have capabilities in just some cognitive areas. From an organisational perspective the application of the both the cognitive and EI constructs often takes place in the recruitment phase. Before an applicant can be invited for an interview at Flight Centre Limited a series of tests must first be completed. The first is a detailed cognitive task involving mathematical equations, logic and reasoning as well as a test of personality and emotional ability to assess your emotional compatibility with the brand. While this approach has its limitations, as detailed above, generally speaking it is a productive process of elimination. Organisations also support cognitive abilities with training days, and development beyond the expectations of an individual’s role. For example a hairdresser has the cognitive intelligence to cut hair, the employer may develop the employees cognitive abilities by having their staff learn make-up application techniques. This in turn develops the employee’s cognitive skills, with the real-life benefits of giving the staff more professional development and offering the employer another approach to gaining more business. A staff member of a newspaper might have great writing ability, but insufficient grammatical skills; in response an employer might offer that employee a sub-editing course to hone those cognitive deficiencies. With the exception of the recruitment phase of a business, the theory of emotional intelligence is much less tangible and therefore more difficult to apply in an organisation. It is of course what contributes to a regional manager of a retail outlet sending a new employee to a particular store – due to their EI fit with that team – but deficiencies or imbalances in EI are difficult to police and adjust. Some businesses apply it as part of a philosophy, by encouraging (and sometimes enforcing) monthly or weekly one on one meetings with senior management to discuss their feelings towards the business, or offering planning and social days so that teams can bond and perhaps become better able to receive the emotions of one another. It could also be suggested that organisations look to people of high emotional intelligence to lead teams, and divisions as the emotionally intelligent perhaps have the ability to motivate and inspire the cognitively gifted to complete their tasks with a greater level of efficacy or quality. Such substantiations have not, however, been verified. This might seem the appropriate time for the introduction of some revolutionary third workplace success measure, one not as littered with limitations as the two aforementioned concepts are. On the contrary, the myriad of weaknesses serves only to support the idea that cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence are both vital and complement one another in life and in work. More that being equal contributors, independent of one another, they serve individuals in harmony, creating balance between personal relationships and emotions as well as, tasks and problem solving abilities. To that end it stands to reason that without a certain level of cognitive capability any task, let alone job, will not be able to be completed. However, as anyone who has been a part of an organisation will know, work is much more than just the tasks at hand. The people you work with, for and alongside play a crucial role in our work lives and our ability to monitor both their and our own emotions complements our general mental ability. ? References Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 3, 110-126. Cherniss, C. , Extein, M. , Goleman, D. , Weissberg, R, P. (2006) Emotional Intelligence: What Does the Research Really Indicate? Educational Psychologist, 41(4), 239-245. Cote, S. , Miners, C. T. H. (2006) Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence, and Job Performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 1-28 Kirch, D, P. , Tucker, M, L. , Kirch, K, E. (2001). The benefits of Emotional Intelligence in accounting firms. The CPA Journal, 71(8), 60-61. Mayer, J. D. , Salovey, P. Caruso, D. (2000). Models of Emotional Intelligence. Handbook of Intelligence, 2, 396-420. New York: Cambridge University Press. Rosete, D. Ciarrochi, J. (2005). EI and its relationship to workplace performance outcomes of leadership effectiveness. Leadership Organizational Development, 26, 388-399. Salovey, P. , Mayer, J. D. (1989). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. Spector, P, E. , Johnson, H, M. , (2006) Improving the definition, measurement and application of emotional intelligence. A critique of emotional intelligence: What are the problems and how can they be fixed? 325-344. Mahwah: Lawrence Eribaum. Viswesvaran, C. , Ones, D. S. (2002). Agreements and disagreements on the role of general mental ability (GMA) in industrial, work, and organizational psychology. Human Performance, 15(1/2), 211-231. Wood, J. , Zeffane, R. , Fromholtz, M. , Weisner, R. , Creed, A. , Schmerhorn, J. , Hunt, J. , Osborn, R. (2010) Organisational Behaviour: core concepts and applications, 2, 44-45. Milton: John Wiley Sons.